Fixed access networks widely employ fiber-optical techniques due to the extremely wide bandwidth offered to subscribers. In the last decade, there has also been an enormous increase of user data visible in mobile systems. ...

Fixed access networks widely employ fiber-optical techniques due to the extremely wide bandwidth offered to subscribers. In the recent years enormous increase of user data is visible in mobile systems too. Therefore the ...

Several system applications require optical transmission of very high bit-rate digital as well as microwave and millimeter-wave carrier signals. Without completeness, a few recent applications are mentioned such as: 5G ...

In the paper we present the main licensing options for telecommunications Network Elements. We have special focus on Core Network Elements deployed in cloud environment, such as Mobile Switching Center Server (MSS) and ...

The strict requirements imposed by ultra-reliable low latency (uRLL) services in 5G can be costly for 5G network operators: low latency requires the deployment of distributed datacenters, while ultra-high reliability usually ...

Deployment of new radio access technology offers the possibility to optimize the existing mobile backhaul. Both the new technology (5G, LTE-A) and the legacy systems (LTE, HSPA, 3G, 2G) utilize the transmission and transport ...

Reliability and availability considerations are discussed in this paper with special focus on ‘cloud based’ Mobile Switching and Application Servers (MSS and AS). Before the extensive deployment of cloud based telecom ...

Nokia offers a speech translation solution for mobile networkoperators: Operators can provide real-time machine translation of speech, as a useful extension to their currently available voice service. The concept offers a ...

Both hardware and software architectures have to meet the strict requirements for high availability. High availability requires considerations already in the design phase of the products. There are practical rules in system ...

Ultra-reliable low latency (uRLL) communication in 5G dictates the deployment of distributed infrastructure with numerous datacenters for low latency, while hosting ultra-reliable services mandates attended datacenters. ...